Zafaruddin abdus salam biography

Pakistani theoretical physicist (1926–1996)

For following people with the name, predict Abdus Salam (name).

Mohammad Abdus Salam^[4][5][6] (; pronounced[əbd̪ʊssəlaːm]; 29 January 1926 – 21 November 1996)^[7] was a Asian theoretical physicist.

He shared say publicly 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg for his contribution meet the electroweak unification theory.^[8] Dirt was the first Pakistani prosperous the first scientist from alteration Islamic country to receive natty Nobel Prize and the second-best from an Islamic country line of attack receive any Nobel Prize, subsequently Anwar Sadat of Egypt.^[9]

Salam was scientific advisor to the Administration of Science and Technology layer Pakistan from 1960 to 1974, a position from which blooper played a major and primary role in the development unmoving the country's science infrastructure.^[9][10] Salam contributed to numerous developments redraft theoretical and particle physics always Pakistan.^[10] He was the creation director of the Space viewpoint Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), and responsible for the arrangement of the Theoretical Physics Set (TPG).^[11][12] For this, he quite good viewed as the "scientific father"^[5][13] of this program.^[14][15][16] In 1974, Abdus Salam departed from wreath country in protest after nobility Parliament of Pakistan unanimously passed a parliamentary bill declaring workers of the Ahmadiyya Muslim accord, to which Salam belonged, non-Muslim.^[17] In 1998, following the country's Chagai-I nuclear tests, the State of Pakistan issued a remembrance stamp, as a part quite a few "Scientists of Pakistan", to indignity the services of Salam.^[18]

Salam's renowned achievements include the Pati–Salam ultimate, a Grand Unified Theory flair proposed along with Jogesh Pati in 1974, magnetic photon, agent meson, work on supersymmetry good turn most importantly, electroweak theory, cooperation which he was awarded description Nobel Prize.^[8] Salam made trig major contribution in quantum environment theory and in the honour of Mathematics at Imperial Academy London.

With his student, Riazuddin, Salam made important contributions cut into the modern theory on neutrinos, neutron stars and black holes, as well as the prepare on modernising quantum mechanics careful quantum field theory. As cool teacher and science promoter, Salam is remembered as a founding father and scientific father of precise and theoretical physics in Pakistan during his term as glory chief scientific advisor to character president.^[10][19] Salam heavily contributed persist at the rise of Pakistani physics within the global physics community.^[20][21] Up until shortly before sovereignty death, Salam continued to supply to physics, and to uphold for the development of body of laws in third-world countries.^[22]

Biography

Youth and education

Abdus Salam was born on 29 January 1926 in the Punjab Province of British India (now in Pakistan) into a Indian family professing Ahmadi Islam.^[23] Salam was son of Chaudhary Muhammad Hussain, a school teacher racket Jhang and Hajirah who belonged to Faizullah Chak near Batala.

Muhammad Hussain was a Individual and Hajirah a Kakkaezai..^[7]

The label Choudhary Muhammad Hussain gave reward son was Abd al-Salam which means "Servant of God". Abd means servant and Salam admiration one of the 99 attack of God in the Qur'an. In English, his name stick to usually transliterated as Abdus Salam, which should be understood whereas a single given name.

Sovereign father followed the custom warrant not giving a surname. Ulterior in his life he else Mohammad to his name.

Salam greatly early established a reputation all over Punjab for outstanding brilliance current academic achievement. At age 14, Salam scored the highest symbols ever recorded for the admittance examination at the Punjab University.^[25] He won a full learning to the Government College Habit of Lahore.^[26] Salam was clean versatile scholar, interested in Sanskrit and English literature in which he excelled.

After a four weeks in Lahore, he went accomplish Bombay to study. In 1947, he came back to Lahore.^[27] But he soon picked ingratiate yourself Mathematics as his concentration.^[28] Salam's mentor and tutors wanted him to become an English professor, but Salam decided to helpful hint with Mathematics.^[29] As a senior student there, he published queen work on Srinivasa Ramanujan's strain in mathematics, and took monarch B.A.

in Mathematics in 1944.^[30] His father wanted him watchdog join the Indian Civil Utility (ICS).^[29] In those days, probity ICS was the highest airs for young university graduates deliver civil servants occupied a grave place in civil society.^[29] Near his father's wish, Salam fatigued for the Indian Railways however did not qualify for interpretation service as he failed birth medical optical tests.^[29] The careful further concluded that Salam backslided a mechanical test required gross railway engineers to gain dexterous commission in the Railways, shaft that he was too adolescent to compete for the job.^[29] Therefore, the Railways rejected Salam's job application.^[29] While in City, Salam went on to steward the graduate school of Reach a decision College University.^[29] He received reward MA in Mathematics from say publicly Government College University in 1946.^[22] That same year, he was awarded a scholarship to Low-priced John's College, Cambridge, where oversight completed a BA degree fulfil Double First-Class Honours in Math and Physics in 1949.^[31] Get round 1950, he received the Smith's Prize from Cambridge University provision the most outstanding pre-doctoral assessment to Physics.^[32] After finishing ruler degrees, Fred Hoyle advised Salam to spend another year of great consequence the Cavendish Laboratory to surpass research in experimental physics, however Salam had no patience tight spot carrying out long experiments the same the laboratory.^[29] Salam returned solve Jhang and renewed his erudition and returned to the Pooled Kingdom to do his doctorate.^[29]

He obtained a PhD degree improve theoretical physics from the Pigtail Laboratory at Cambridge.^[33][34] His doctorial thesis titled "Developments in quantum theory of fields" contained full and fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics.^[35] By the time paraphernalia was published in 1951, secede had already gained him block international reputation and the President Prize.^[36] During his doctoral studies, his mentors challenged him delay solve within one year prominence intractable problem which had on the fritz such great minds as Saul Dirac and Richard Feynman.^[29] Centre six months, Salam had exist a solution for the renormalization of meson theory.

As subside proposed the solution at rendering Cavendish Laboratory, Salam had affected the attention of Hans Bethe, J. Robert Oppenheimer and Dirac.^[29]

Academic career

After receiving his doctorate vibrate 1951, Salam returned to City at the Government College Formation as a Professor of Reckoning where he remained till 1954.

In 1952, he was settled professor and Chair of influence Department of Mathematics at probity neighbouring University of the Punjab. In the latter capacity, Salam sought to update the establishing curriculum, introducing a course put back Quantum mechanics as a zenith of the undergraduate curriculum.^[37] Banish, this initiative was soon reverted by the Vice-Chancellor, and Salam decided to teach an dusk course in Quantum Mechanics unattainable the regular curriculum.^[38] While Salam enjoyed a mixed popularity bind the university, he began go along with supervise the education of session who were particularly influenced contempt him.^[39] As a result, Riazuddin remained the only student disregard Salam who had the advantage to study under Salam force the undergraduate and post-graduate soothing in Lahore, and post-doctoral flush in Cambridge University.

In 1953, Salam was unable to centre a research institute in Metropolis, as he faced strong unfriendliness from his peers.^[40] In 1954, Salam took fellowship and became one of the earliest membership of the Pakistan Academy look after Sciences. As a result decompose 1953 Lahore riots, Salam went back to Cambridge and connected St John's College, and took a position as a prof of mathematics in 1954.^[41] Hard cash 1957, he was invited stopper take a chair at Princelike College, London, and he viewpoint Paul Matthews went on stamp out set up the Theoretical Physics Group at Imperial College.^[42] Gorilla time passed, this department became one of the prestigious investigating departments that included well become public physicists such as Steven Physicist, Tom Kibble, Gerald Guralnik, Slogan.

R. Hagen, Riazuddin, and Bathroom Ward.

In 1957, Punjab Home conferred Salam with an Title only doctorate for his contribution wring Particle physics.^[43] The same gathering with help from his adviser, Salam launched a scholarship design for his students in Pakistan. Salam retained strong links rigging Pakistan, and visited his community from time to time.^[44] Mop up Cambridge and Imperial College significant formed a group of short version physicists, the majority of whom were his Pakistani students.

Dubious age 33, Salam became memory of the youngest persons get in touch with be elected a Fellow attention to detail the Royal Society (FRS) row 1959.^[7] Salam took a comradeship at the Princeton University pop in 1959, where he met engage J. Robert Oppenheimer^[45] and get in touch with whom he presented his check work on neutrinos.^[46] Oppenheimer be proof against Salam discussed the foundation a mixture of electrodynamics, problems and their solution.^[47] His dedicated personal assistant was Jean Bouckley.

In 1980, Salam became a foreign fellow prime the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences.^[48]

Scientific career

Early in his career, Salam made an important and lowly contribution in quantum electrodynamics esoteric quantum field theory, including tight extension into particle and 1 physics.

In his early employment in Pakistan, Salam was extremely interested in mathematical series abide their relation to physics. Salam had played an influential lines in the advancement of fissile physics, but he maintained soar dedicated himself to mathematics impressive theoretical physics and focused Pakistan to do more research inlet theoretical physics.^[29] However, he looked on nuclear physics (nuclear fission increase in intensity nuclear power) as a non-pioneering part of physics as argue with had already "happened".^[29] Even boardwalk Pakistan, Salam was the trustworthy driving force in theoretical physics, with many scientists he lengthened to influence and encourage in the matter of keep their work on untested physics.^[29]

Salam had a prolific investigation career in theoretical and high-octane physics.^[49] Salam had worked store theory of the neutrino – an elusive particle that was first postulated by Wolfgang Pauli in the 1930s.

Salam extraneous chiral symmetry in the impression of neutrinos. The introduction chuck out chiral symmetry played crucial segregate in subsequent development of righteousness theory of electroweak interactions.^[50] Salam later passed his work be obliged to Riazuddin, who made pioneering assistance in neutrinos.

Salam introduced honourableness massive Higgs bosons to ethics theory of the Standard Procedure, where he later predicted significance existence of proton decay. Concern 1963, Salam published his extract work on the vector hadron. The paper introduced the electronic post of vector meson, photon (vector electrodynamics), and the renormalisation bequest vector mesons' known mass pinpoint the interaction.^[51] In 1961, Salam began to work with Privy Clive Ward on symmetries contemporary electroweak unification.^[52][53] In 1964, Salam and Ward worked on regular Gauge theory for the publicize and electromagnetic interaction, subsequently around SU(2) × U(1) model.

Salam was convinced that all greatness elementary particle interactions are in truth the gauge interactions.^[54] In 1968, together with Weinberg and Sheldon Glashow, Salam formulated the systematic concept of their work. Duration in Imperial College, Salam, result with Glashow and Jeffrey Goldstone, mathematically proved the Goldstone's thesis, that a massless spin-zero optimism must appear in a shyly as a result of impromptu breaking of a continuous unbounded symmetry.^[54] In 1967-8, Salam take up Weinberg incorporated the Higgs channel into Glashow's discovery, giving summon a modern form in electroweak theory, and thus theorised division of the Standard Model.^[55] Coop 1968, together with Weinberg lecture Sheldon Glashow, Salam finally formulated the mathematical concept of their work.

In 1966, Salam humbug out pioneering work on orderly hypothetical particle. Salam showed dignity possible electromagnetic interaction between goodness Magnetic monopole and the C-violation, thus he formulated the alluring photon.^[56]

Following the publication of PRL Symmetry Breaking papers in 1964, Steven Weinberg and Salam were the first to apply class Higgs mechanism to electroweak ordinance breaking.

Salam provided a rigorous postulation for the interaction 'tween the Higgs boson and prestige electroweak symmetry theory.^[57]

In 1972, Salam began to work with Indian-American theoretical physicist Jogesh Pati. Pati wrote to Salam several historical expressing interest to work descend Salam's direction, in response let down which Salam eventually invited Pati to the ICTP seminar focal Pakistan.

Salam suggested to Pati that there should be few deep reason why the protons and electrons are so conspicuous and yet carry equal on the other hand opposite electric charge. Protons have a go at composed of quarks, but honesty electroweak theory was concerned sole with the electrons and neutrinos, with nothing postulated about quarks.

If all of nature's method could be brought together suspend one new symmetry, it power reveal a reason for prestige various features of these ground and the forces they nick. This led to the event of Pati–Salam model in mote physics.^[58] In 1973, Salam advocate Jogesh Pati were the primary to notice that since Quarks and Leptons have very much the same SU(2) × U(1) representation satisfy, they all may have clank entities.^[59] They provided a uncomplicated realisation of the quark-lepton categorization by postulating that lepton distribution was a fourth quark tone dye, dubbed "violet".^[60]

Physicists had believed lose concentration there were four fundamental men of nature: the gravitational functioning, the strong and weak atomic forces, and the electromagnetic legation.

Salam had worked on greatness unification of these forces pass up 1959 with Glashow and Physicist. While at Imperial College Writer, Salam successfully showed that make acquainted nuclear forces are not indeed different from electromagnetic forces, gift two could inter-convert. Salam assuming a theory that shows glory unification of two fundamental fix of nature, weak nuclear fix and the electromagnetic forces, call into another.^[49] Glashow had additionally formulated the same work, deed the theory was combined regulate 1966.

In 1967, Salam upright the electroweak unification theory mathematically, and finally published the id. For this achievement, Salam, Glashow, and Weinberg were awarded distinction Nobel Prize in Physics reaction 1979. The Nobel Prize Understructure paid tribute to the scientists and issued a statement saying: "For their contributions to prestige theory of the unified publicize and electromagnetic interaction between underlying particles, including, inter alia, justness prediction of the weak nonbelligerent current".^[8] Salam took the Altruist Prize medal to the the boards of his former professor, Anilendra Ganguly, who taught him maw the Sanatan Dharma College have round Lahore, and placed the garnishment around his neck, stating "Mr Anilendra Ganguly this medal level-headed a result of your edification and love of mathematics meander you instilled in me".^[61] Call in the 1970s Salam continued irksome to unify forces by with the strong interaction in well-ordered grand unified theory.

Government work

Abdus Salam returned to Pakistan tenuous 1960 to take charge rigidity a government post given be proof against him by President Ayub Caravansary. From her independence in 1947 after the Partition of Bharat, Pakistan has never had excellent coherent science policy, and uncut expenditure on research and get up was only ~1.0% of Pakistan's GDP.^[62] Even the Pakistan Inappreciable Energy Commission headquarters was to be found in a small room, put up with less than 10 scientists were working on fundamental physics concepts.^[63] Salam replaced Salimuzzaman Siddiqui whereas the Science Advisor, and became first Member (technical) of PAEC.

Salam expanded the web all but physics research and development attach importance to Pakistan by sending more puzzle 500 scientists abroad.^[64] In 1961 he approached President Khan academic set up the country's twig national space agency,^[65] thus calculate 16 September 1961 the Space other Upper Atmosphere Research Commission was established, with Salam as dismay first director.^[65] Before 1960, become aware of little work on scientific action was done, and scientific activities in Pakistan were almost diminished.^[clarify] Salam called Ishfaq Ahmad, organized nuclear physicist, who had sinistral for Switzerland where he wed CERN, back to Pakistan.

Remain the support of Salam, PAEC established PAEC Lahore Center-6, nervousness Ishfaq Ahmad as its pass with flying colours director.^[66] In 1967, Salam became a central and administrative velocity to lead the research stop in full flow Theoretical and Particle physics.^[20] Go through the establishment of the League of Physics at Quaid-e-Azam Sanatorium, research in theoretical and grain physics was engaged.^[20] Under Salam's direction, physicists tackled the untouchable outstanding problems in physics gift mathematics^[20] and their physics digging reached a point that prompted worldwide recognition of Pakistani physicists.^[10]

From the 1950s, Salam had timetested establishing high-powered research institutes send back Pakistan, though he was not equal to to do so.

He influenced PAEC Headquarters to a pull out building, and established research laboratories all over the country.^[67] Enmity the direction of Salam, Ishrat Hussain Usmani set up pu and uranium exploration committees in every nook the country. In October 1961, Salam travelled to the Concerted States and signed a extreme co-operation agreement between Pakistan advocate US.

In November 1961, rendering US National Aeronautics and Room Administration (NASA) started to produce a space facility – Trip Test Center (FTC) – explore Sonmiani, a coastal town think it over Balochistan Province. Salam served brand its first technical director.

Salam played an influential and modest role in Pakistan's development be required of nuclear energy for peaceful at bottom.

In 1964, he was energetic head of Pakistan's IAEA relegating and represented Pakistan for first-class decade.^[68] The same year, Salam joined Munir Ahmad Khan – his lifelong friend and parallel at Government College University. Caravanserai was the first person emit the IAEA that Salam esoteric consulted about the establishment shambles the International Centre for Impractical Physics (ICTP), a research physics institution, in Trieste, Italy.

Challenge an agreement signed with IAEA, the ICTP was set all round with Salam as its important director. At IAEA, Salam challenging advocated the importance of fissile power plants in his country.^[69] It was due to monarch effort that in 1965, Canada and Pakistan signed a thermonuclear energy co-operation deal. Salam borrowed permission from President Ayub Caravansary – against the wishes cut into his own government functionaries – to set up the Metropolis Nuclear Power Plant.^[70] Also keep 1965, led by Salam, justness United States and Pakistan mark an agreement in which depiction US provided Pakistan with clever small research reactor (PARR-I).

Salam had a long-held dream sentry establish a research institute burst Pakistan, which he had advocated for on many occasions. Cover 1965 again, Salam and creator Edward Durell Stone signed smashing contract for the establishment illustrate the Pakistan Institute of Thermonuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) extra Nilore, Islamabad.^[71]

Space programme

Main article: Distance end to end and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission

In early 1961, Salam approached Kingpin Khan to lay the fabric of Pakistan's first executive instrumentality to co-ordinate space research.^[65] Past as a consequence o executive order on 16 Sept 1961 the Space and Cursed Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) was established with Salam founding director.^[65] Salam immediately travelled to picture United States, where he monogrammed a space co-operation agreement refurbish the US Government.

In Nov 1961, NASA built the Excursion Test Center in Balochistan Quarter. During this time, Salam visited the Pakistan Air Force Faculty where he met with Nuance Commodore (Brigadier-General) Wladyslaw Turowicz – a Polish military scientist queue an aerospace engineer.^[72] Turowicz was made the first technical president of the space centre, tolerate a programme of rocket difficult ensued.

In 1964, while come out of the US Salam visited position Oak Ridge National Laboratory, don met with nuclear engineers Salim Mehmud and Tariq Mustafa.^[73] Salam signed another agreement with say publicly NASA which launched a project to provide training to Pakistan's scientists and engineers.^[73] Both fissile engineers returned to Pakistan direct were inducted into SUPARCO.^[65]

Nuclear weapons programme

See also: Project-706 § Organization, shaft Pakistan and weapons of promote destruction

Salam knew the importance complete nuclear technology in Pakistan, nurture civilian and peaceful purposes.^[74] However, according to his biographers, Salam played an ambiguous role hole Pakistan's own atomic bomb operation.

As late as the Decennium, Salam made an unsuccessful set for the establishment of a-one nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, on the contrary it was deferred on inferior grounds by Ayub Khan.^[74] According to Rehman, Salam's influence be grateful for nuclear development was diminished chimpanzee late as 1974, and significant became critical of Bhutto's keep in check over science.^[74] But Salam in the flesh did not terminate his joining with the scientists working dull the theoretical physics division encounter PAEC.^[75] As early as 1972–73, he had been a worthy advocate for the atomic blitz project,^[76] but subsequently took grand stance against it after illegal fell out with Bhutto conveying the Second Amendment to rank Constitution of Pakistan which asserted the Ahmaddiya denomination to titter non-Islamic.^[76]

In 1965, Salam led dignity establishing of the nuclear test institute – PINSTECH.^[77] In 1965, the element Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor (PARR-I) went critical under Salams' leadership.^[75] In 1973, Salam proposed description idea of establishing an per annum college to promote scientific activities in the country to grandeur Chairman of PAEC, Munir Caravanserai, who accepted and fully sinewy the idea.

This led in half a shake the establishment of the Ubiquitous Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs (INSC), position each year since 1976 scientists from all over the universe come to Pakistan to act jointly with local scientists. The leading annual INSC conference was booked on advanced particle and nuclearpowered physics.

In November 1971, Salam met with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in his residence, and followers Bhutto's advice, went to glory United States to avoid honesty Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.^[78] Salam travelled to the US dominant returned to Pakistan with methodical literature about the Manhattan Project,^[79] and calculations involving atomic bombs.^[76] In 1972, the Government condemn Pakistan learned about the process status of the first atomlike bomb completed under the Amerindic nuclear programme.

On 20 Jan 1972, Salam, as Science Counselor to the President of Pakistan, managed and participated in excellent secret meeting of nuclear scientists with former Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, in Multan, renowned as the 'Multan Meeting'. Affection this meeting Bhutto orchestrated righteousness development of a deterrence programme.^[80][81] At the meeting, only Uncontrollable.

H. Usmani protested, believing put off the country had neither leadership facilities or talent to lug out such an ambitious near technologically demanding project, whilst Salam remained quiet.^[82] Here, Bhutto entrusted Salam and appointed Munir Caravanserai as Chairman of PAEC, post head of the atomic program, as Salam had slim Khan.^[83] A few months later the meeting, Salam, Khan, deed Riazuddin, met with Bhutto rip apart his residence where the scientists briefed him about the fissionable weapons program.^[84] After the tiara, Salam established the 'Theoretical Physics Group' (TPG) in PAEC.

Salam led groundbreaking work at TPG until 1974.^[76][85][86]

An office was frustrate up for Salam in high-mindedness Prime Ministers' Secretariat by embargo of Bhutto.^[74] Salam immediately going on to motivate and invite scientists to begin work with PAEC in the development of schism weapons.^[74] In December 1972, unite theoretical physicists working at position International Centre for Theoretical Physics were asked by Salam advance report to Munir Ahmad Caravansary, the scientific director of prestige program.^[87] This marked the inception of the TPG, reporting in a beeline to Salam.^[88] The TPG, joist PAEC, was assigned to space research in fast neutron calculations, hydrodynamics (how the explosion light on by a chain reaction health behave), problems of neutron communication, and the development of shorten designs of Pakistan's nuclear rocket devices.^[89] Later, the TPG reporting to Riazuddin began to directly piece to Salam, and the operate on the theoretical design lose the nuclear weapon was undamaged in 1977.^[90] In 1972, Salam formed the Mathematical Physics Order, under Raziuddin Siddiqui, that was charged, with TPG, with penetrating out research in the judgment of simultaneity during the pealing process, and the mathematics concerned in the theory of thermonuclear fission.^[91] Following India's surprise atomic test – Pokhran-I – in 1974, Munir Ahmad Khan had called unornamented meeting to initiate work statement an atomic bomb.

Salam was there and Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi was appointed head of rectitude Directorate of Technical Development (DTD) in PAEC.^[92]

The DTD was bother up to co-ordinate the sort out of the various specialised associations of scientists and engineers operational on different aspects of illustriousness atomic bomb.^[84] The word "bomb" was never used in that meeting, but the participants insistently understood what was being discussed.^[84] In March 1974, Salam predominant Khan also established the Wah Group Scientist that was filled with manufacturing materials, explosive lenses and triggering mechanism development mimic the weapon.^[93] Following the muse up of DTD, Salam, Riazuddin and Munir Ahmad Khan, visited the Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF) where they held talks meet senior military engineers led soak POF chairman Lieutenant-General Qamar Caliph Mirza.^[11] It was there wind the Corps of Engineers nature the Metallurgical Laboratory in Wah Cantonment in 1976.^[94] Salam remained associated with the nuclear weapons programme until mid-1974, when bankruptcy left the country after Ahmadi were declared non-Muslims by say publicly Pakistani Parliament.^[17] His own affairs with Prime minister Bhutto level out and turned into uncap hostility after the Ahmadiyya General public was declared as not-Islamic; good taste lodged a public and strapping protest against Bhutto regarding that issue and gave great condemnation to Bhutto over his hold sway over over science.^[76] In spite spend this, Salam maintained close contact with the theoretical physics element at PAEC who kept him informed about the status hold the calculations needed to figure out the performance of the nuclear bomb, according to Norman Dombey.^[76] After seeing Indian aggression, rectitude Siachen conflict in Northern Pakistan, followed by India's Operation Brasstacks in Southern Pakistan, Salam reevaluate renewed his ties with higher ranking scientists working in the inappreciable bomb projects, who had reserved him informed about the wellcontrolled development of the program.^[76] Put in the bank the 1980s, Salam personally accepted many appointments and a most important influx of Pakistani scientists pick up the associateship program at ICTP and CERN, and engaged attach research in theoretical physics garner his students at the ICTP.^[76]

In 2008, Indian scholar Ravi Singh noted in his book The Military Factor in Pakistan ensure, "in 1978, Abdus Salam buffed PAEC officials, paid a dark visit to China, and was instrumental in initiating industrial 1 cooperation between the two countries."^[82] Although he had left interpretation country, Salam did not temporize to advise the PAEC perch Theoretical and Mathematical Physics Gathering on important scientific matters, most important kept his close association comprehend TPG and PAEC.^[95]

Advocacy for science

In 1964, Salam founded the Ecumenical Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, in Italy and served as its director until 1993.^[96] In 1974, he founded grandeur International Nathiagali Summer College (INSC) to promote science in Pakistan.^[97] The INSC is an once a year meeting of scientists from descent over the world who follow to Pakistan and hold discussions on physics and science.^[97] Flat today, the INSC holds yearlong meetings, and Salam's pupil Riazuddin has been its director because its start.^[98]

In 1997, the scientists at ICTP commemorated Salam significant renamed ICTP as the "Abdus Salam International Centre for Romantic Physics".

Throughout the years, lighten up served on a number disparage United Nations committees concerning branch and technology in developing countries.^[36] Salam also founded the Bag World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and was a leading being in the limelight in the creation of a- number of international centres over-enthusiastic to the advancement of principles and technology.^[99]

During a visit work to rule the Institute of Physics contempt Quaid-i-Azam University in 1979, Salam explained after receiving an award: Physicists believed there are three fundamental forces of nature; description gravitational force, the weak leading strong nuclear force, and loftiness electromagnetic force.^{[relevant?][100]} Salam was unadorned firm believer that "scientific reflecting is the common heritage exhaust mankind", and that developing hand-outs needed to help themselves, become peaceful invest in their own scientists to boost development and hire the gap between the Wideranging South and the Global Arctic, thus contributing to a advanced peaceful world.^[101]

In 1981, Salam became a founding member of righteousness World Cultural Council.^[102]

Although Salam left-wing Pakistan, he did not axe his connection to home.^[103] Yes continued inviting Pakistan's scientists smash into ICTP, and maintained a delving programme for them.^[104] Many unusual scientists, including Ghulam Murtaza, Riazuddin, Kamaluddin Ahmed, Faheem Hussain, Raziuddin Siddiqui, Munir Ahmad Khan, Ishfaq Ahmad, and I.

H. Usmani, considered him as their adviser and a teacher.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Abdus Salam was a very unauthorized individual, who kept his get around and personal lives quite separate.^[7] He married twice; first regarding to a cousin, the alternative time as well in gift with Islamic law.^[105][106] At her majesty death, he was survived dampen three daughters and a jointly by his first wife, with the addition of a son and daughter infant his second, Professor Dame Louise Johnson, formerly Professor of molecular biophysics at Oxford University.

A handful of of his daughters are Anisa Bushra Salam Bajwa and Aziza Rahman.^{[citation needed]}

Religion

Salam was an Ahmadi,^[36] who saw his religion whilst a fundamental part of rule scientific work. He once wrote that "the Holy Quran enjoins us to reflect on rank verities of Allah's created log of nature; however, that in the nick of time generation has been privileged drawback glimpse a part of Monarch design is a bounty come first a grace for which Uproarious render thanks with a homely heart."^{[36][check quotation syntax]} During diadem acceptance speech for the Chemist Prize in Physics, Salam quoted verses from the Quran careful stated:

"Thou seest not, fall the creation of the All-merciful any imperfection, Return thy over, seest thou any fissure?

As a result Return thy gaze, again abstruse again. Thy gaze, Comes sustain to thee dazzled, aweary." (67:3–4) This, in effect, is decency faith of all physicists; rank deeper we seek, the many is our wonder excited, justness more is the dazzlement go allout for our gaze.^[107]

In 1974, the Pakistan parliament made the Second Repair to the Constitution of Pakistan that declared Ahmadis to aptly non-Muslim.

In protest, Salam formerly larboard Pakistan for London. After circlet departure, he did not in every respect cut his ties to Pakistan, and kept a close class with the Theoretical Physics Grade as well as academic scientists from the Pakistan Atomic Enthusiasm Commission.^[100]

Death

Abdus Salam died on 21 November 1996 at the flash of 70 in Oxford, England, from progressive supranuclear palsy.^[108] Queen body was returned to Pakistan and kept in Darul Ziafat, where some 13,000 men enthralled women visited to pay their last respects.

Approximately 30,000 society attended his funeral prayers.^[109]

Salam was buried in Bahishti Maqbara, shipshape and bristol fashion cemetery established by the Ahmadiyya Community at Rabwah, Punjab, Pakistan, next to his parents' author. The epitaph on his mausoleum initially read "First Muslim Philanthropist Laureate".

The Pakistani government phlegmatic "Muslim" and left only culminate name on the headstone. They are the only nation be obliged to officially declare that Ahmadis instructions non-Muslim.^[110] The word "Muslim" was initially obscured on the give instructions of a local magistrate previously moving to the national level.^[111] Under Ordinance XX of 1984,^[112][113] being an Ahmadi, he was considered a non-Muslim according highlight the definition provided in say publicly Second Amendment to the Establishment of Pakistan.^[114]

Legacy

His craving for loyalty is symbolized best by top wish to be buried weight his own homeland...

He dear his country and its pollute. We projected him as well-ordered hero, a father, and lap model for our young scientists...

— Masud Ahmad, on Salam's legacy^[14]

Salam's weigh up in Pakistan has been long way reaching and regarded as warmly influential.

He is remembered coarse his peers and students by the same token the "father of Pakistan's grammar of Theoretical Physics" as on top form as Pakistan's science. Salam was a charismatic and iconic image, a symbol among them star as what they were working mistake for researching toward in their fields.^[5][13][14] His students, fellow scientists discipline engineers, remembered him as radiant teacher, and engaging researcher who would also influence others tell the difference do the same.^[49] The Ubiquitous Centre for Theoretical Physics brawny by Salam has continued constitute train scientists from developing countries.^[115] Salam founded the Space Probation Commission of and was academic first director.^[49] In 1998, dignity Government of Pakistan issued copperplate commemorative stamp to honour Salam as part of its "Scientists of Pakistan" series.^[18] His alma mater, Government College Lahore, mingle a university, has the Abdus Salam Chair in Physics instruct Abdus Salam School of Exact Sciences named after him.^[116]The Abdus Salam Chair was also folk in his honour at high-mindedness Syed Babar Ali School exclude Science and Engineering in high-mindedness Lahore University of Management Sciences.^[117] He made a significant impost towards the 2012 success satisfaction the search for the Higgs boson.^[118]

Salam has been commemorated provoke noted and prominent Pakistani scientists, who were also his session.

Many scientists have recalled their college experiences. Ghulam Murtaza, pure professor of plasma physics catch the Government College University queue student of Salam, wrote:

When Dr. Salam was to forward a lecture, the hall would be packed and although grandeur subject was Particle Physics, fillet manner and eloquence was much as if he was uninterrupted about literature.

When he ripe his lectures, listeners would generally burst into spontaneous applause enthralled give him a standing dispense. People from all parts flawless the world would come philosopher Imperial College and seek Dr. Salam's help. He would afford a patient hearing to human race including those who were trustworthy nonsense.

He treated everyone catch on respect and compassion and in no way belittled or offended anyone. Dr. Salam's strength was that recognized could "sift jewels from goodness sand".^[119]

Ishfaq Ahmad, a lifelong get down of Salam recalls:

Dr Salam was responsible for sending cast doubt on 500 physicists, mathematicians and scientists from Pakistan, for PhD's conversation the best institutions in UK and USA.^[119]

In August 1996 choice lifelong friend, Munir Ahmad Caravanserai, met Salam in Oxford.

Caravansary, who headed the nuclear weapons and nuclear energy programmes, said:

My last meeting with Abdus Salam was only three months ago. His disease had full its toll and he was unable to talk. Yet fair enough understood what was said. Frenzied told him about the feast held in Pakistan on king seventieth birthday.

He kept dull at me. He had risen above praise. As I crimson to leave he pressed cheap hand to express his hassle as if he wanted tip off thank everyone who had articulate kind words about him. Dr. Abdus Salam had deep warmth for Pakistan in spite disregard the fact that he was treated unfairly and indifferently uninviting his own country.

It became more and more difficult aspire him to come to Pakistan and this hurt him abjectly. Now he has returned bring in finally, to rest in tranquillity for ever in the stain that he loved so wellknown. May be in the mature to come we will awaken above our prejudice and defiant him and give him, puzzle out his death, what we could not when he was among the living.

We Pakistanis may choose anticipate ignore Dr. Salam, but dignity world at large will universally remember him.^[119]

However, Salam's legacy psychoanalysis often ignored in the Asian education system despite his achievements. According to the documentary 'Salam: The First ****** Nobel Laureate,' very few young Pakistanis receive heard of him, and crown name is not mentioned school in Pakistani school textbooks.^[120][121] In 2020, a group of students connection to the State Youth Senate desecrated an image of Salam that was present at ingenious college in Gujranwala, while singing slogans against the Ahmadiyya community.^[122] This deliberate effort to humidify mention of Salam is attributed to Salam belonging to illustriousness Ahmadiyya Muslim community, who accept faced state-sponsored discrimination since picture 1970s.

Documentaries on Abdus Salam

Salam – the film

LLC started officially researching and developing a lp on the science and sure of Abdus Salam in 2004, two years after the producers had conceived of the resolution. A fundraising teaser was unfastened by Kailoola Productions to line up with Salam's birth anniversary harden 29 January 2017.^[123] The post-production phase of this documentary disc, pending funding, is estimated turnup for the books US$150,000.

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The film Salam: The First ****** Nobel Laureate, directed by the Indian-American film filmmaker Anand Kamalakar, was proclaimed in 2018 and released have power over Netflix in October 2019.^{[124][citation needed]}

Abdus Salam

Pilgrim Films released The Vision of Symmetry in September 2011.^[125] Their press release describes excitement as presenting "the extraordinary superstardom of Abdus Salam, who plead for only was an outstanding soul but also a generous liberal and a valuable person.

Potentate rich and busy life was an endless quest for serenity, that he pursued in depiction universe of physical laws dominant in the world of living soul beings."^[126]

Honours

Dr. Salam's genius was liking a magic... And there was always an element of adjust mysticism in his ideas put off left one wondering how lock fathom his genius...

— Masud Ahmad, conformation Abdus Salam^[14]

Salam was elected show the American Academy of Discipline and Sciences in 1971, honesty United States National Academy training Sciences in 1979, and prestige American Philosophical Society in 1992.^{[127][128][129]} In 1997, scientists at ICTP renamed the institute as say publicly Abdus Salam International Centre look after Theoretical Physics in the concern of Salam.^[130] Salam's services suppress been recognised in Pakistan, introduce his students have openly verbal and stressed the importance disregard Science and Technology in Pakistan.

In 1999, per the exhortation of Ishfaq Ahmad, the Management of Pakistan led the agreement of the Abdus Salam Bench in Physics at the Direction College University.^[131] On 22 Nov 2009, the Director of birth Abdus Salam International Centre dole out Theoretical Physics gifted the innovative Nobel Prize Certificate to circlet alma mater.^[132] In 2011, GCU's Salam Chair in Physics kept a one-day-long conference that was attributed to Abdus Salam.^[131] Salam's students Ghulam Murtaza, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Riazuddin and Tariq Zaidi topic the life and works nominate Salam, and brought to settle down his achievements in Pakistan put up with Physics.^[131] While covering the public relations converge on Salam's tribute, The News International, referred to Salam as the "great Pakistan scientist".^[133]

In 1998, the Edward A.

Bouchet-ICTP Institute was renamed as honourableness Edward Bouchet Abdus Salam Institute.^[134] In 2003, the Government be required of Punjab created an institute a range of excellence for the Mathematical Sciences, the Abdus Salam School neat as a new pin Mathematical Sciences, in Salam's Alma mater – Government College University.^[135]

That it has taken nearly quatern decades for this country inhibit honour a globally renowned person who was one of cause dejection own, is a sad image of the priorities that engross sway here...

For Dr Salam was an Ahmadi, a distraught minority in Pakistan, and coronet faith rather than his skyscraping achievements was the yardstick in and out of which he was judged.

— Dawn^[136]

Encompass 2008, in an opinion abundance, Daily Times called Salam "one of the greatest scientists Pakistan has ever produced".^[137]failed verification |date=March 2024 |reason=The opinion piece states "I ended my column extreme week by introducing a phrase – ‘spontaneous symmetry breaking’ – and a reference holiday Professor Abdus Salam".

Perhaps primacy statement was in that one-time column.

In 2015, the College of Young Researchers and Scholars, Lahore, renamed its library owing to the "Abdus Salam Library".^[138] Funny story the town of Vaughan, Lake, Canada, near the headquarters good deal the Canadian branch of interpretation Ahmadiyya Community, of which Abdus Salam was a member, illustriousness community has named a track after him, 'Abdus Salam Street',^[139] while at CERN in Hollands, Switzerland there is 'Route Salam'.

Additionally, there are two one-year Abdus Salam science fairs, skirt held in Canada and rectitude other in the US. Receiving is organised as a Own event for young scientists cause the collapse of the Ahmadiyya Community in deal with effort to motivate youth inform on scientific endeavour.^[140]

On 6 December 2016, Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif approved the renaming of Quaid-i-Azam University's (QAU) physics centre nearby the Professor Abdus Salam Interior for Physics.

It was further announced that the Professor Abdus Salam Fellowship will be customary, which will include five yearly fully funded Pakistani PhD category in the field of Physics in "leading international universities".^[141]

In Nov 2020, English Heritage erected span blue plaque in Salam's designation in Campion Road, Putney, Writer, at the house that was his London home for fake 40 years.^[142][143]

In June 2023, Queenlike College, London announced the renaming of its Imperial College Main Library as the Abdus Salam Library.^[144]

Awards and recognition

In 1979, Salam was awarded the 1979 Altruist Prize in Physics, along slaughter Glashow and Weinberg, For their contributions to the theory keep in good condition the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, inclusive of, inter alia, the prediction living example the weak neutral current.^[8] Salam received high civil and branch of knowledge awards from all over distinction world.^[145] Salam is recipient run through first high civil awards – Star of Pakistan (1959) stall the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1979) – awarded by the President of Pakistan for Salams' outstanding services feign Pakistan.^[145] The National Center resolution Physics (NCP) contains an Abdus Salam Museum dedicated to birth life of Salam and fillet work as he discovered nearby formulated the Electroweak Theory.^[10] Bottom is the list of fame that were conferred to Salam in his lifetime.